独立主格结构它和分词短语一样通常在句子中可作方式、伴随、时间、条件、原因等状语，相当于一个从句主语与主句主语不同的状语从句或一个主语不同的表示伴随的并列句。在使用独立主格结构时，通常用逗号把它与句子的主体部分隔开。独立主格结构常有以下几种类型：
1、名词或代词（主格）＋-ing形式／过去分词
在这种结构中，独立主格结构的功能相似于分词或分词短语作状语，但分词的逻辑主语是句子的主语，而独立主格结构中doing/ done 的逻辑主语是它前面的名词或代词。如果前面的名词或代词与后面的非谓语动词在逻辑上为主动关系，就用“名词／代词＋doing”结构；如果为被动关系，则用“名词／代词＋done”结构。分词的逻辑主语为人称代词时，应用主格形式。
She falling ill (= As she fell ill), Mr. Peter took her classinstead.
The sun having set (= When the sun had set),we arrived there.
They all went out, she alone remaining at home (= and shealone remained at home).
This done (= After this was done), we went home.
Everything taken into consideration (=If everything is takeninto consideration), they have done a good job.
He lay on his back, his teeth set , his right hand clenchedon his breast and his glaring eyes looking straight upward (= his teeth wasset, his right hand was clenched on his breast and his glaring eyes werelooking straight upward).
2、名词或代词（主格）＋不定式
在这种结构中，独立主格结构中的不定式的动作多用来表示将来的行为或表示“企图”、“约定”等，指的是事先按计划安排要做的事情。如果前面的名词或代词与后面的不定式在逻辑上是主动关系，就用“名词或代词＋ todo”结构；如果是被动关系，则用“名词／代词＋ to be done”结构。不定式的逻辑主语为人称代词时，应用主格形式。
e.g. The teacher to help us ( =If the teacher is to help us), we willfinish the task in time.
He to attend the conference（= Though he is to attend the conference）, we will still discuss the problem.
The exam to be held tomorrow (=As the exam isto be held tomorrow), I can’t go to the party with you tonight.
The school sports-meet to be put off (If the schoolsports-meet is to be put off), we’ll have more time to prepare for it.
3、名词或代词（主格）＋形容词／副词
在这种结构中，独立主格结构中的形容词／副词常常用来表示伴随或对细节作其补充说明独立主格结构是什么意思，形容词／副词与前面的名词或代词之间在逻辑上有主系表关系。所以此结构也可写成：名词或代词＋being＋形容词／副词，其中being是非谓语（系）动词，往往省略，但being的逻辑主语是人称代词时，being不能省略。形容词／副词的逻辑主语为人称代词时，应用主格形式。
e.g. All the students (being) here (=As all the students were here), shefelt very pleased.
Our lessons (being) over (=After our lessons were over), wewent to play football.
He entered the room, his face (being) pale with a cold (=andhis face was pale with a cold).
The waiter looked at the million-pound note, his eyes (being)wide open (=and his eyes were wide open).
It being through (=As it was through), we all wenthome.. （句中的being不能省略）
4、名词或代词（主格）＋介词短语
在这种结构中，独立主格结构中的名词和介词后面的名词前一般都没有冠词或人称代词所有格修饰，名词也通常使用单数形式，其功能和结构相当于with的复合结构, 在句子中主要作伴随等状语。
e.g. Last night I followed him here and climbed in, sword in hand (= witha sword in my hand).
Both the soldiers stood atthe gate, gun in hand (= with the guns in their hands).
The children came running towards us, flower in hand (= withflowers in their hands).
5、名词或代词（主格）＋名词
在这种结构中，独立主格结构中的名词与前面的名词或代词之间在逻辑上有主系表关系独立主格结构是什么意思，在句子中主要作伴随、原因等状语或作进一步说明。此结构也可写成：名词或代词＋ being ＋名词，其中being是非谓语（系）动词，往往省略，但being的逻辑主语是人称代词时，being不能省略。名词的逻辑主语为人称代词时，应用主格形式。
e.g. He fought against the thief, a stick (being) his only weapon (= and astick was his only weapon).
He has translated the whole book into English, anEnglish-Chinese dictionary (being) his tool (= an English- Chinese dictionarywas his tool.)
It being Sunday (=As it was Sunday), I didn’t go to school. （句中的being不能省略）
6、there being +名词
这种独立主格结构实际上是由therebe句型表示存在作状语时构成的。
e.g. There being no bus (= As there was no bus), they had to walk to seehim.
There being enough money (= If there is enough money), theywant to go abroad for their holiday.
There being some difficulty with the study (=When there issome difficulty with the study), we usually ask our teachers for help.
最后强调两点： 1、在分词短语中的系表结构中作状语时, being一般不省略，但在独立主格结构中，逻辑主语为
名词时，being 可省略，而逻辑主语为代词或在“there being +名词”句型时，being不能省略。
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